Stem Cells to Uphold Cancer Therapy | Dr. David Greene R3 Stem Cell

According to experts, cancer is one of the most challenging diseases to treat. Although many cancer treatments are available, including radiotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy, these typically result in tumor recurrence, insufficient efficacy, and therapeutic resistance. 

However, stem cells show unique traits, including a strong capacity for differentiation and self-renewal. Numerous studies by experts such as Dr. David Greene R3 Stem Cell have been conducted on stem cells, which can roughly be divided into the following categories: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), cancer stem cells (CSCs), and neural stem cells are examples of stem cells (NSCs). 

Recent studies have revealed that stem cells can improve cancer treatment by creating immune cells and serving as therapeutic carriers while regenerating cells by focusing on disease pathways and receiving intense therapy. 

Stem Cell Transplantation 

All of the body's adult blood cells can be developed by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are found in the bone marrow. High-dose radiotherapy or chemotherapy affects cancer cells and healthy cells, slowing or even causing the death of healthy cells.

To help patients recover from their illness, HSC transplantation is currently a common procedure used in numerous leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma targets.

For leukemia patients, colony-stimulating factors are added to assist HSCs in proliferating and differentiating into new blood cells. These trigger intracellular signaling pathways in HSCs.

The FDA has only approved the infusion of HSCs as a stem cell treatment thus far. While using allogeneic sources of HSCs, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), usually treated with immunosuppressive medications, is still challenging.

Targeting CSC pathways for cancer therapy 

Leukemia was the first disease in which cancer stem cells (CSCs) were found. These cells, found inside tumor tissues, are created by causing epigenetic alterations in normal stem cells, precursor cells, or progenitor cells. It is possible to attribute the demise of cancer treatment to the traits of CSCs.

They can become tumors through self-renewal and differentiation into several cellular subtypes as normal stem cells. Although CSCs appear in very small numbers in tumor tissues, they contribute to several tumor malignancies, including recurrence, heterogeneity, metastasis, multidrug resistance, and radiation resistance.

Pluripotent transcription factors, various intracellular signal pathways, and external factors regulate the activity of CSCs, and these elements can be used as therapeutic targets to treat cancer. Targeting CSCs can thereby raise the possibility of successfully treating various solid cancers.

Stem cell origin for the production of immune cells 

Anticancer immunotherapy has been successfully applied using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The patient regularly produces these cells, but it is challenging to regulate their quantity and quality in real-time.

Outsourcing to induced embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide limitless sources and expand this immunotherapy to several patients.

Stem cells as potential therapeutic carriers 

Chronic wound tissue, which includes an extracellular matrix and secreted paracrine substances, is what tumors are known as (ECM). This may highlight how Mesenchymal stem cells are migrating (MSCs).

MSCs, also known as multipotent adult stem cells, are found in various tissues, including the umbilical cord, bone marrow, and adipose tissue.

Chemoattractants for MSCs to prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, and breast cancer cells refer to various immune-related cytokines.

MSCs may be exploited as potential carriers of therapeutic medicines for cancer treatment.

Featured recombinant TNF-a protein and IL-1β protein

Scientists have created bioactive recombinant TNF-cytokines from various animals, including canines, mice, ferrets, rats, and cynomolgus.

The IL-1 protein shows more bioactivity when compared to the rival product.

Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) that are nanosized and contain various biological components, may be released by MSCs to regulate cell-cell communication.

MSCs were successfully packed with anti-tumor siRNAs, mRNA, or small-molecule medicines that target the tumor niche and silenced tumor-related genes or enhanced anti-tumor effects.

Additionally, MSCs can be employed to transport anticancer medications via nanoparticles (NPs).

MSC-carrying PLA NPs successfully targeted brain tumors, and paclitaxel-loaded NPs suppressed mouse lung tumor growth. Additionally, oncolytic viruses (OVs) can preferentially attack cancer cells, but immune cells can easily destroy naked OVs.

Similar to neural stem cells (NSCs), stem cells have the potential to act as transporters of OVs to tumor locations. The central nervous system originally contains NSCs, which have the capacity to self-renew and generate fresh glial cells and neurons.

An early study by experts such as Dr. David Greene R3 Stem Cell found that the combination of temozolomide, ionizing radiation, and the OVs carried by human NSCs could boost the cytotoxicity of glioma tumor cells in vitro and prolong the survival of animals with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). 

However, it appears that it is easier to design NSCs and MSCs to express different genes. This is responsible for a prodrug's conversion into harmful metabolites in tumor cells. It is called "suicide gene therapy" to use this gene therapy.

Phase I of two clinical trials was finished. One used NSCs expressing cytosine deaminase (CD) to convert 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into tumor-toxic 5-fluorouracil. Another process involved the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), expressed by MSCs; converting ganciclovir from monophosphorylate to triphosphate is very cytotoxic.

However, the anti-tumor activity is dose-dependent, restricted to the tumor microenvironment, and retained in tumor locations. In this brief study, researchers and scientists such as Dr. David Greene R3 Stem Cell, have started developing cancer therapies, including stem cells.